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Federal Unemployment Tax Act ... The decade began amidst a global financial crisis that started in the late 2000s, after approximately two and one half decades of prosperity, economic growth as well as income inequality, and increased globalization. In particular, the ongoing Eurozone debt crisis, which stemmed from these economic problems, first became pronounced in May 2010 and continues to threaten the possibility of a global recovery...
Geography ... Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency. The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec...
Insurable Interest ... Typically, insurable interest is established by ownership, possession, or direct relationship. For example, people have insurable interests in their own homes and vehicles, but not in their neighbors' homes and vehicles, and certainly not those of strangers...
Sales Taxes In British Columbia ... Also starting in 2014, the law will generally require uninsured individuals to buy government-approved health insurance — the individual mandate. Government-run exchanges may present information to facilitate comparison among competing plans, if available, but previous attempts at creating similar exchanges "produced only mixed results." This requirement is expected to reduce the number of the uninsured from 19% of all residents in 2010 to 8% by 2016...
Income Taxes In Canada ... FUTA covers a federal share of the costs of administering the unemployment insurance (UI) and job service programs in every state. In addition, FUTA pays one-half of the cost of extended unemployment benefits (during periods of high unemployment) and provides for a fund from which states may borrow, if necessary, to pay benefits...
Religion In Ancient Rome ... In addition to the federal government, many states also impose an estate tax, with the state version called either an estate tax or an inheritance tax. Since the 1990s, opponents of the tax have used the pejorative term "death tax"...
Taxation In Canada ... Under "Tax Collection Agreements", CRA collects and remits to the provinces: Provincial personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec, so that individuals outside of Quebec file only one set of tax forms each year for their federal and provincial income taxes. Corporate taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec and Alberta...
2010s ... The first permanent capital was founded at Nara in 710 AD, which became a center of Buddhist art, religion and culture. The current imperial family emerged about 700 AD, but until 1868 (with few exceptions) had high prestige but little power...
European Union Value Added Tax ... The EU VAT taxes the consumption of goods and services in the EU VAT area. The EU VAT system asks where the supply and consumption occurs thereby determining which member state will collect the VAT and what VAT rate will be charged...
United Kingdom Corporation Tax ... Chemistry Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food science Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astronomy Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy. ...
Health Care Reform In The United States ... Originally introduced as a classical tax system, in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received, the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to an imputation system in 1973, under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend...
Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act ... S corporations are merely corporations that elect to pass corporate income, losses, deductions, and credit through to their shareholders for federal tax purposes...
Scientific Misconduct ... In some cases, scientific misconduct may also constitute violations of the law, but not always. Being accused of the activities described in this article is a serious matter for a practicing scientist, with severe consequences should it be determined that a researcher intentionally or carelessly engaged in misconduct...
S Corporation ... credit for Federal highway use tax paid with respect to gasoline or diesel fuel for vehicle use off highways, which may be claimed as a payment of on federal income tax returns... Low income subsidies Several income tax systems provide income subsidies to lower income individuals by way of credit... Working tax credit is paid to single low earners with or without children who are aged 25 or over and are working over 30 hours per week and also to couples without children, at least one of whom is over 25, provided that at least one of them is working for 30 hours a week...
State Of Emergency In India ... The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month...
Alternative Minimum Tax ... To the extent AMT exceeds regular Federal income tax, a future credit is provided which can offset future regular tax to the extent AMT does not apply in a future year... However, this credit is limited: see further details in the "AMT credit against regular tax" section...
Insurance In The United States ... The first stock insurance company formed in the United States was the Insurance Company of North America in 1792. Massachusetts enacted the first state law requiring insurance companies to maintain adequate reserves in 1837...
Income Tax In The United States ... Romans could offer cult to any deity or combination of deities, as long as it did not offend the mos maiorum, the "custom of the ancestors," that is, Roman tradition. Good relations between mortals and the divine (pax deorum) were maintained by piety through the correct offering of ritual and divine honours, especially in the form of sacrifice...
History Of Japan ... PPACA passed the Senate on December 24, 2009, by a vote of 60–39 with all Democrats and two Independents voting for, and all Republicans voting against. It passed the House of Representatives on March 21, 2010, by a vote of 219–212, with 34 Democrats and all 178 Republicans voting against the bill...
Estate Tax In The United States ... There was considerable local variation in the vote results. The anti-HST vote was highest in Surrey-Green Timbers, where 75.51% voted Yes (and 24.49% voted No)...
Chinese Mathematics ... As in other early societies the focus was on astronomy in order to perfect the agricultural calendar, and other practical tasks, and not on establishing formal systems. Axiomic proof was the strength of ancient Greek mathematician; ancient Chinese mathematicians excelled at place value decimal device computation, algorithm development and algebra, the weakness of their Greek counterparts...
United States Auto Insurance ... In the United States, automotive liability insurance covers claims against the policy holder and usually any other operator of an insured vehicle; provided they do not live at the same address as the policy holder and are not specifically excluded on the policy. Drivers living at the same address must specifically be covered on the policy...
Admission To The Bar In The United States ... In the canonical case, lawyers seeking admission must earn a Juris Doctor degree from a law school approved by the jurisdiction, and then pass a bar exam administered by it. Typically, there is also a character and fitness evaluation, which includes a background check...
Sales Taxes In The United States ... Sales tax is calculated by multiplying the purchase price by the applicable tax rate. Tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction and range from less than 1% to over 10%...
Further Reading: Relationships
Systems Theory ... In this context the word systems is used to refer specifically to self-regulating systems, i.e. that are self-correcting through feedback...
Occam's Razor ... The details of religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose and declined, and their intricate relationships shifted...
Creativity ... Scholarly interest in creativity ranges widely: Topics to which it is relevant include the relationship between creativity and general intelligence; the mental and neurological processes associated with creative activity; the relationship between personality type and creative ability; the relationship between creativity and mental health; the potential for fostering creativity through education and training, especially as augmented by technology; and the application of an individual's existing creative resources to improve the effectiveness of learning processes and of the teaching processes tailored to them. Creativity and creative acts are therefore studied across several disciplines - psychology, cognitive science, education, philosophy (particularly philosophy of science), technology, theology, sociology, linguistics, business studies, and economics...
Botany ... Plants are essential as food and for all people and also as recreation for people who enjoy gardening, horticulture, and culinary arts. History Early botany The history of botany begins with ancient writings on, and classifications of, plants...
Social Science ... Bertrand Russell offers a particular version of Occam's Razor: "Whenever possible, substitute constructions out of known entities for inferences to unknown entities." Occam's razor is attributed to the 14th-century English logician, theologian and Franciscan friar Father William of Ockham (d'Okham), although the principle was known earlier. Ptolemy stated "We consider it a good principle to explain the phenomena by the simplest hypothesis possible", while phrases such as "It is vain to do with more what can be done with fewer" and "A plurality is not to be posited without necessity" were commonplace in 13th century Scholastic writing...
Emergency Management ... Catastrophes are distinct from disasters in that: Most or all of the community built structure is heavily impacted; Local officials are unable to undertake their usual work roles; Most, if not all, of the everyday community functions are sharply and simultaneously interrupted, and; Help from nearby communities cannot be provided. Assets are categorized as either living things, non-living things, cultural or economic...
Psychology ... Psychologists explore such concepts as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships... Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables...
Abductive Reasoning ... For example, the lawn is wet. But if it rained last night, then it would be unsurprising that the lawn is wet...
Ancient Egyptian Religion ... Markers of time Before there were clocks, time was measured by those physical processes which were understandable to each epoch of civilization: the first appearance (see: heliacal rising) of Sirius to mark the flooding of the Nile each year the periodic succession of night and day, one after the other, in seemingly eternal succession the position on the horizon of the first appearance of the sun at dawn the position of the sun in the sky the marking of the moment of noontime during the day the length of the shadow cast by a gnomon Eventually, it became possible to characterize the passage of time with instrumentation, using operational definitions. Simultaneously, our conception of time has evolved, as shown below...
Theory Of The Firm ... The need for a revised theory of the firm was emphasized by empirical studies by Berle and Means, who made it clear that ownership of a typical American corporation is spread over a wide number of shareholders, leaving control in the hands of managers who own very little equity themselves. Hall and Hitch found that executives made decisions by rule of thumb rather than in the marginalist way...
Relationship Education ... The motivation for relationship education was found in numerous studied observations of the elevated rates of marital and family breakdown, school drop-outs, incarceration, drug addiction, unemployment, suicide, homicide, domestic abuse and other negative social factors when divorce and/or out-of-wedlock pregnancy were noted. In all of the negative categories noted above, statistical over-representation of adults whose childhood did not involve both of their parents was present...
Education ... A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At the global level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13...
History Of Science ... According to Kuhn each new paradigm re-writes the history of its science to present by selection and distortions the former paradigm as its forerunner. The description of the history of economic theory below is a good example...
Biology ... Chemistry Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food science Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astronomy Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy. ...
Mathematics ... Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity for as far back as written records exist...
Time In Physics ... A focus of the subject is how economic agents behave or interact and how economies work. Consistent with this, a primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics and macroeconomics...