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Emergency Management ... Catastrophes are distinct from disasters in that: Most or all of the community built structure is heavily impacted; Local officials are unable to undertake their usual work roles; Most, if not all, of the everyday community functions are sharply and simultaneously interrupted, and; Help from nearby communities cannot be provided. Assets are categorized as either living things, non-living things, cultural or economic...
Pharmaceutical Industry In The People's Republic Of China ... China accounts for 20% of the world’s population but only 1.5% of the global drug market. China's changing health-care environment is designed to extend basic health insurance to a larger portion of the population and give individuals greater access to products and services...
Social Science ... Chemistry Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food science Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astronomy Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy. ...
Information Society ... The markers of this rapid change may be technological, economic, occupational, spatial, cultural, or some combination of all of these. Information society is seen as the successor to industrial society...
Invention Of The Telephone ... The origins of the telephone date back to the non-electrical string telephone or "lover's telephone" that has been known for centuries, comprising two diaphragms connected by a taut string or wire. Sound waves are carried as mechanical vibrations along the string or wire from one diaphragm to the other...
Statistics ... A statistician is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the successful application of statistical analysis. Such people have often gained this experience through working in any of a wide number of fields...
Public Administration ... Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct" Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, HRadministrators, city managers, Census managers, state directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government...
Auto Insurance Risk Selection ... When the premium is not mandated by the government, it is usually derived from the calculations of an actuary based on statistical data. The premium can vary depending on many factors that are believed to have an impact on the expected cost of future claims...
Tax ... A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the government a payment exacted by legislative authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any contribution imposed by government whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, duty, custom, excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name." Overview The legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not consider many transfers to governments to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the public sector are comparable to prices...
UK Research Councils ... Research Council grants support around 50,000 researchers through 18,000 grants at any one time. About 8000 PhDs are awarded annually as a result of their funding...
Elisha Gray ... Gray is also considered to be the father of the modern music synthesizer, and was granted over 70 patents for his inventions. Biography and early inventions Born into a Quaker family in Barnesville, Ohio, Gray was brought up on a farm...
Excise Tax In The United States ... The Congress set low excise taxes on only a few goods, such as, whiskey, rum, tobacco, snuff and refined sugar. There were initially no other significant sources of federal income besides tariffs...
2006 State Of Emergency In The Philippines ... The state of national emergency also led to a temporary suspension of lower-level education classes and an immediate revocation on all licenses and permits to hold demonstrations and protests. The Arroyo administration, informally known as Malacañang, after the presidential palace, also suspended all public activities on the same day and even on succeeding days...
Prediction ... Although guaranteed information about the information is in many cases impossible, prediction is necessary to allow plans to be made about possible developments; Howard H. Stevenson writes that prediction in business "...
History Of Insurance ... Achaemenian monarchs were the first to insure their people and made it official by registering the insuring process in governmental notary offices. The insurance tradition was performed each year in Nowruz (beginning of the Persian New Year); the heads of different ethnic groups as well as others willing to take part, presented gifts to the monarch...
Property Tax In The United States ... Many overlapping jurisdictions may have authority to tax the same property. These include counties or parishes, cities and/or towns, school districts, utility districts, and special taxing authorities, and vary by state...
Income Tax ... Other tax systems may isolate the loss, such that business losses can only be deducted against business tax by carrying forward the loss to later tax years...
History Of Science Policy ... Modern science owes much of its heritage to ancient Greek philosophers; influential work in astronomy, mechanics, geometry, medicine, and natural history was part of the general pursuit of philosophy. Architectural knowledge, especially in ancient Greece and Rome, also contributed to the development of mathematics, though the extent of the connection between architectural knowledge and more abstract mathematics and mechanics is unclear...
Sales Taxes In The United States ... Sales tax is calculated by multiplying the purchase price by the applicable tax rate. Tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction and range from less than 1% to over 10%...
Horticulture ... Horticulturist apply the knowledge, skills, and technologies used to grow intensively produced plants for human food & non-food uses and for personal or social needs. Their work involves plant propagation and cultivation with the aim of improving plant growth, yields, quality, nutritional value, and resistance to insects, diseases, and environmental stresses...
Health Insurance In The United States ... In a more technical sense, the term is used to describe any form of insurance that provides protection against the costs of medical services. This usage includes private insurance and social insurance programs such as Medicare, but excludes social welfare programs such as Medicaid...
Timeline Of Science And Engineering In The Islamic World ... All year dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar except where noted. 7th century 8th century 770 - 840 - Khwarazmi (Persian: خوارزمی Khwarazmi, in Arabic became الخوارزمي al-Khwarizmi, Latinized name, Algorithm)...
Creativity ... Creativity and creative acts are therefore studied across several disciplines - psychology, cognitive science, education, philosophy (particularly philosophy of science), technology, theology, sociology, linguistics, business studies, and economics...
Further Reading: Credit
History Of Japan ... PPACA passed the Senate on December 24, 2009, by a vote of 60–39 with all Democrats and two Independents voting for, and all Republicans voting against. It passed the House of Representatives on March 21, 2010, by a vote of 219–212, with 34 Democrats and all 178 Republicans voting against the bill...
Income Taxes In Canada ... FUTA covers a federal share of the costs of administering the unemployment insurance (UI) and job service programs in every state. In addition, FUTA pays one-half of the cost of extended unemployment benefits (during periods of high unemployment) and provides for a fund from which states may borrow, if necessary, to pay benefits...
S Corporation ... credit for Federal highway use tax paid with respect to gasoline or diesel fuel for vehicle use off highways, which may be claimed as a payment of on federal income tax returns... Low income subsidies Several income tax systems provide income subsidies to lower income individuals by way of credit... Working tax credit is paid to single low earners with or without children who are aged 25 or over and are working over 30 hours per week and also to couples without children, at least one of whom is over 25, provided that at least one of them is working for 30 hours a week...
European Union Value Added Tax ... The EU VAT taxes the consumption of goods and services in the EU VAT area. The EU VAT system asks where the supply and consumption occurs thereby determining which member state will collect the VAT and what VAT rate will be charged...
Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act ... S corporations are merely corporations that elect to pass corporate income, losses, deductions, and credit through to their shareholders for federal tax purposes...
United Kingdom Corporation Tax ... Chemistry Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food science Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astronomy Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy. ...
Scientific Misconduct ... In some cases, scientific misconduct may also constitute violations of the law, but not always. Being accused of the activities described in this article is a serious matter for a practicing scientist, with severe consequences should it be determined that a researcher intentionally or carelessly engaged in misconduct...
Religion In Ancient Rome ... In addition to the federal government, many states also impose an estate tax, with the state version called either an estate tax or an inheritance tax. Since the 1990s, opponents of the tax have used the pejorative term "death tax"...
Federal Unemployment Tax Act ... The decade began amidst a global financial crisis that started in the late 2000s, after approximately two and one half decades of prosperity, economic growth as well as income inequality, and increased globalization. In particular, the ongoing Eurozone debt crisis, which stemmed from these economic problems, first became pronounced in May 2010 and continues to threaten the possibility of a global recovery...
Estate Tax In The United States ... There was considerable local variation in the vote results. The anti-HST vote was highest in Surrey-Green Timbers, where 75.51% voted Yes (and 24.49% voted No)...
Taxation In Canada ... Under "Tax Collection Agreements", CRA collects and remits to the provinces: Provincial personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec, so that individuals outside of Quebec file only one set of tax forms each year for their federal and provincial income taxes. Corporate taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec and Alberta...
Geography ... Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency. The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec...
2010s ... The first permanent capital was founded at Nara in 710 AD, which became a center of Buddhist art, religion and culture. The current imperial family emerged about 700 AD, but until 1868 (with few exceptions) had high prestige but little power...
Admission To The Bar In The United States ... In the canonical case, lawyers seeking admission must earn a Juris Doctor degree from a law school approved by the jurisdiction, and then pass a bar exam administered by it. Typically, there is also a character and fitness evaluation, which includes a background check...
Health Care Reform In The United States ... Originally introduced as a classical tax system, in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received, the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to an imputation system in 1973, under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend...
Income Tax In The United States ... Romans could offer cult to any deity or combination of deities, as long as it did not offend the mos maiorum, the "custom of the ancestors," that is, Roman tradition. Good relations between mortals and the divine (pax deorum) were maintained by piety through the correct offering of ritual and divine honours, especially in the form of sacrifice...
Insurance In The United States ... The first stock insurance company formed in the United States was the Insurance Company of North America in 1792. Massachusetts enacted the first state law requiring insurance companies to maintain adequate reserves in 1837...
Sales Taxes In British Columbia ... Also starting in 2014, the law will generally require uninsured individuals to buy government-approved health insurance — the individual mandate. Government-run exchanges may present information to facilitate comparison among competing plans, if available, but previous attempts at creating similar exchanges "produced only mixed results." This requirement is expected to reduce the number of the uninsured from 19% of all residents in 2010 to 8% by 2016...
Chinese Mathematics ... As in other early societies the focus was on astronomy in order to perfect the agricultural calendar, and other practical tasks, and not on establishing formal systems. Axiomic proof was the strength of ancient Greek mathematician; ancient Chinese mathematicians excelled at place value decimal device computation, algorithm development and algebra, the weakness of their Greek counterparts...
United States Auto Insurance ... In the United States, automotive liability insurance covers claims against the policy holder and usually any other operator of an insured vehicle; provided they do not live at the same address as the policy holder and are not specifically excluded on the policy. Drivers living at the same address must specifically be covered on the policy...
Insurable Interest ... Typically, insurable interest is established by ownership, possession, or direct relationship. For example, people have insurable interests in their own homes and vehicles, but not in their neighbors' homes and vehicles, and certainly not those of strangers...
Alternative Minimum Tax ... To the extent AMT exceeds regular Federal income tax, a future credit is provided which can offset future regular tax to the extent AMT does not apply in a future year... However, this credit is limited: see further details in the "AMT credit against regular tax" section...
State Of Emergency In India ... The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month...
Further Reading: Loans
History Of The European Union ... As distinct from ideas of federation, confederation or customs union the main development in Europe depends on a supranational foundation to make war unthinkable and materially impossible and reinforce democracy enunciated by Robert Schuman and other leaders in the Europe Declaration. The principle was at the heart of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in the Treaty of Paris (1951), following the "Schuman Declaration" and the later the Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC)...
Xiao'erjing ... Often simple Chinese characters are mixed in with the Arabic script, mostly discussing non-religious matters, and therewith relatively little Arabic and Persian loans... Initials and consonants Alphabet Final-Medial-Initial Standard Chinese pronunciation Hanyu Pinyin Arabic pronunciation Persian pronunciation Example Notes 1 , a, a-, -a, -a- , , اَ(阿ā) vowel sound 2 |- b- بَا(爸bà) 3 - p- none پُ(婆pó) borrowed from Persian 4 - t- تَا(塔tǎ) 5 -, - q-, x- ثِئ(些xiē) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 6 - q- none none ٿْو(穷qióng) 7 - zh- جـْ(这zhè) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 8 - ch- none چـْ(车chē) borrowed from Persian 9 - h- حـْ(河hé) used before syllable...
Chinese Character Classification ... The earliest significant, extant corpus of Chinese characters is found on turtle shells and the bones of livestock, chiefly the scapula of oxen, for use in pyromancy, a form of divination. These ancient characters are called oracle bone script...
History Of The Republic Of China ... In 1928, the republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang (KMT), or the Chinese Nationalist Party, after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts between the Kuomintang government, the Communist Party of China which was converted into a nationalist party, remnant warlords, and Japan. Most nation-building efforts were stopped during the full-scale War of Resistance against Japan from 1937 to 1945, and later the widening gap between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party made a coalition government impossible, causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War...
International Taxation ... Many governments tax individuals and/or enterprises on income. Such systems of taxation vary widely, and there are no broad general rules...
Chinese Family Of Scripts ... The Chinese scripts are written in various calligraphic hands, principally Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script, Semi-cursive script, and Grass script. (See Chinese calligraphy and Chinese script styles.) Chinese script Origins The earliest Chinese writing consists of divinatory texts inscribed on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons found at the last Shang dynasty capital near Anyang and dating from 1200 BC...
Aggregate Demand ... It is often cited that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because at lower price levels a greater quantity is demanded. While this is correct at the microeconomic, single good level, at the aggregate level this is incorrect...
History Of Agriculture In The United States ... Most farms were subsistence, producing food for the family and some for trade and taxes. The first settlers in Plymouth Colony planted barley and peas from England but their most important crop was Indian corn (maize) which they were shown how to cultivate by the native Squanto...
European Sovereign-debt Crisis ... From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors as a result of the rising government debt levels around the world together with a wave of downgrading of government debt in some European states. Concerns intensified in early 2010 and thereafter, leading Europe's finance ministers on 9 May 2010 to approve a rescue package worth €750 billion aimed at ensuring financial stability across Europe by creating the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)...
2010 Pakistan Floods ... UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had initially asked for US$460 million (€420 million) for emergency relief, noting that the flood was the worst disaster he had ever seen. Only 20% of the relief funds requested had been received as of 15 August 2010...